وزارت جهاد كشاورزي سازمان تحقيقات آموزش و ترويج كشاورزي معاونت ترويج و آموزش زراعت و فرآوري اهان دارويي

Transcription

1 وزارت جهاد كشاورزي سازمان تحقيقات آموزش و ترويج كشاورزي معاونت ترويج و آموزش زراعت و فرآوري گ ي اهان دارويي 1390

2 ز/ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : عنوان و نام پديدآور مشخصات نشر مشخصات ظاهري شابك وضعيت فهرست نويسي يادداشت يادداشت يادداشت موضوع شناسه افزوده شناسه افزوده شناسه افزوده شناسه افزوده رده بندي كنگره رده بندي ديويي زراعت و فرآوري گياهان دارويي/ [ويراستار ال.هورنوك [ مترجم اشكان عباسيان تهيه شده در دفتر خدمات تكنولوژي آموزشي. كرج : نشرآموزش كشاورزي ص. : مصور جدول نمودار فيپا عنوان اصلي : processing of medicinal plants Cultivation and كتابنامه : ص واژهنامه گياهان دارويي عباسيان اشكان مترجم هورنوك لاسلو Hornok, Laszlo سازمان ترويج آموزش و تحقيقات كشاورزي. دفتر خدمات و تكنولوژي آموزشي SB 633/88 ISBN: : زراعت و فرآوري گياهان دارويي : : : 1390 / : : 500 نسخه : ريال : - : - :

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7 پيشگفتار مترجم... %... ( )

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9 : : ().

10 -...( ) - -.(... ). -.. : :. :. :.. ( )

11 - ( ).( ) ). (.....( ) -.. ) (.

12 )..(.. : ). ( ( ). (). / / /

13 -. - : %- %- - %-.( ) %- %-. ITC.. / (). /.... ( / )...( )...( ) 1. green wave 2- International Trade Center

14 : -. ).( (Solanum ) -.( ) - ).( ( ) -.( ) ( ) 1. catharanthus

15 - () :... %/ % /.. (... ). ( ).. -.

16 -. () ()..() % ) ) -.( ) - (- -. (-. %.. % %-.( -). - -.

17 -.. % % %. %.. ( ). ). (... /..(%) ( ) %. (%). % forints

18 ... : :.. ) ( ( ). (... ) (RNA DNA). ( ) ( ) Ph. Hg 2- Taxon

19 - ).. ( ( ).. (). RNA DNA.

20 ... )..( ( ) Lisianthes DNA. ( ). ).(

21 Piptadenia falcata.....( ) ). ( 1- Trifolium repens 2- chemosyndrome

22 .. ( )..... (). ).(....

23 -.. ()..... ).. ( (). ) ( aromorphosis 2- species-ecospecies 3- species-species 4- Jordan 5- Turesson

24 . ( ) ) ) (. ( ( ) Solanaceae 2- biogenetic 3- Erigeron aurantiacus Rgl.

25 - Rhodiola linearifolia Boriss... Pyrethrum carneum Bieb. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh.. Cocculus laurifolius DC.... %/. %/.. ()...( ) Batumi 2- Hyoscyamus muticus L. 3- Ammi visnaga L. 4- Thymus 5- Gurvich 6- polychemism

26 ..... % ) ( chemotaxa 2- Eucalyptus citriodora Hook

27 -. ( ) - O.

28 Eucalyptus citriodora. ( )... Brassica juncea.... ) (Cinchona). ( Pinus 2- Mentha 3- Digitalis 4- Ocimum 5- Lavandula 6- elargonium

29 - (... ).... ). ( :... ( ) 1- Chenopodium 2- Paulrott, s

30 .. ( )......( ).( ) ).(

31 :. ) ( ) :.(. 1- Meissner

32 ... ) : :..( )..(.( ).. )..() (.( ) true alkaloids 2- protoalkaloids 3- pseudoalkaloids

33 :. : ( )... (C, N, S) ( ). 1- reaction series

34 : (K) () () ( ). : : : : :..

35 -..( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ( )..... A. S NH 3 C 1. C 2 C 2.. ( ) A. ( ). ).(.

36 .

37 -. :..(). ( ). ( ). ( ) -..( ) ( ) ( ).. UDP. TDP ADP GDP

38 . ( ). ) NH 2.(..( ) ( ) -. - ). (.. 1- suger-suger bonding

39 -.( gal-gal-gal-glu-fru ) ( ). ADP UDP ). (GDP. ). (. ( )..( ) 1- Verbascum

40 : ).( ).( ) (.. ( ) ).(.( ) ) -.(. -..

41 -.. ( -) DOPA. ).(... A..... O-heterocyclic. A.. C 2. C 6 C 6 C C 6 C 2

42 ( )..( )... DOPA. ( ) ).( DOPA. (C 6 C 3 ) A... C 6...( ) ) ( ) (. ().

43 - ( ).. ( Al +3 Fe +3 ) -...( ) ) ( ).(C 3. ( - -).. ).( -.. C 5 -. ( ). K

44 ( ). C 3... () ( ) ( ) (). ( ) : - (-CH 2 -C=O) n : ( ). ).( A A.. ( )... ( ) 1- condensation 2- cyclization 3- addition

45 - C 2 ( ). (C=O) A ).. Rumex Rhamnus (.... C 2

46 Trychophyton rubrum...

47 -. :..( ) A A A ).. (. (% ). ( ). ( ) ( =) ( ) ( )

48 ( -) ( =) ( =). ( -) ).(..( ) ).(. ( ).... I..( ) () ( ). ( )

49 - ( ) ( ). ( ). (). ( ). ( ) ( ). () ( ).( ) ) O-function

50 .(. ( ) (C ) (-)..

51 -.

52 -..( ). :.. )...(... ( ).( A ) ( )..

53 -.

54 . A..... )..(. α D. γ β. ). ) (.( ( )..( )...

55 - O-glycoside.. ( OH) (-SH).. ( ). ( ). SH S-glycoside. ).( ( ).( ). ).(. :.

56 . ( )...( ) ).(. ).(. ( ) ).(.. ( ). ( )

57 - C 6 C 3 C 6 C 2 C 6 C 1. Amaryllidaceae...( ).. ) (.....( ) C 1.

58

59 -.

60 :. ). (.( ) - :I - :II Tilia :III :IV. () econobotanical

61 - ( ).( ).. (sp.).... var. subsp. ( ) form = f

62 cv. :. ( - ) Papaver somniferrum L. cv. Kompolti or Kompolti ( ).(Geneva ) ( ) :. Vincae minoris herba, Daturae innoxiae folium, Daturae innoxiae semen, Lavandulae flos, Coriandri fructus and Belladonnae radix. ( ) :. Aetheroleum Menthae piperitae, Oleum Ricini, Amylum Ricini and Pix Juniperi.. : : THALLOPHYTA : ( ) EMBRYOPHYTA : ( ) Bryophyta- (Fern Allies ) Pteridophyta- :( ) Spermatophytes-

63 - : Eumycota : Ascomycotina : Clavicipitales : Pyrenomycetes : Clavicipitaceae :.. Claviceps purpurea.. Claviceps Gymnospermatophyta : Pinales : Coniferopsida : Cupressaceae : Juniperus (Juniper)..(n=11). Oleum Sabinae herba) ( ).. (sabinae 1- prunose 2- J. communis 3- Karstland 4- heath areas 5- J. sabina

64 Angiospermatophyta : Dicotyledonopsida : Magnoliidae : Ranunculales : Ranunculaceae : (Helleboraceae )....(Rununculus, 250, Adonis, 20) Papaverales (Rhoeadales) : (Papaveraceae) : (Fumariaceae ).. (+)... ( ) ( ). (berberine ) 1- Adonis vernalis 2- Ranunculus arvensis 3- backed achene 4- porous 5- Papaver 6- Chelidonium

65 -.(Helleboraceae Annonaceae ) ). n=5-11, 16, 19.( ) ( - Papaver. (2n=22, 44 )... 2n=10, 12, 14 - ) -.(.....( ) Rosidae : Rosales : Rosaceae : Lauraceae 2- Berberidaceae 3- Papaver hungaricum 4- P. somniferum 5- P. setigerum 6- Chelidonium majus 7- Glaucium flavum 8- Fumariaceae 9- Corydalis 10- life-form

66 . ( ) : Spiraeoideae ( ) Pomoideae (... ) Rosoideae.() Prunoideae ()..( )..( ) Rosoideae.. (C ). n=7, 8, 9, 17 Fabales : () Fabaceae : ( )... ( ) ( ) ( ). (2n=16). 1- Potentilla erecta 2- Rubus fruticusus 3- Agrimonia eupatoria 4- Amygdalus 5- Rosa canina 6- Sophora 7- Genista 8- Glycyrrhiza glabra 9- Galega officinalis

67 - ( ). Liquiritiae radix Myrtales : ( ) Onagraceae (Oenotheraceae) :.... Thymeleales : Elaeagnaceae :.. ( ). () -.. (C ). Rutales : Rutaceae : Oenothera erythrosepala 2- Oenothera lamarckiana 3- Hippophae rhamnoides 4- lysogene 5- scisolysogene

68 . ).(.( -). Rutales : () Anacardiaceae : Rhamnales : () Rhamnaceae :.... Rhmnus purshiana.. Rh. fallax Araliales : () Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) :.. 1- Ruta gravolens 2- Cotinus coggygria 3- Frangula alnus 4- Rhamnus catharticus

69 -.. ) ( ( ) ). ( ) (.... 2n=22-2n=20, 22 2n=18, 20 ( ).... 2n=22. ( ). 2n= n=22 2n=22 ()... Dipsacales. : Caprifoliaceae :.. ( ). 1- Angelica 2- Conium maculatum 3- Coriandrum sativum 4- Carum carvi 5- Pimpinella anisum 6- Foeniculum vulgare 7- Anethum graveolens 8- Angelica archangelica 9- Levisticum officinale 10- Cuminum sativum 11- Araliaceae 12- Sambucus nigra

70 ..() Dipsacales : ( ) Valerianaceae :.. ().( ). () (2n=56 ) Valeriana sambucifolia. (2n=28 ) V. collina (2n=14 ) Gentianales : Apocynaceae : liana..... (2n=46). ( ) (2n=14) (). Amsonia tabernaemontana.. 1- Valeriana dioica 2- V. officinalis 3- Vinca minor 4- Catharanthus roseus

71 - Gentianales : ( ) Gentianaceae :.. C. vulgare. ( ). (2n=42). Lamiales : Labiate (Lamiaceae) :.... : ).. (. ( )... 2n=32 ) ( ) (2n=36, 54) 1- bicollateral 2- Centaurium minus 3- C. pulchellum 4- Gentiana 5- Ajugeae 6- Stachyeae 7- Marrubium vulgare 8- Leonurus cardiaca 9- Lavendula angustofolia 10- Melissa officinalis

72 ) () ( (2n=22 ) (2n=14, 16 (2n=46, 48).. (2n=12).(2n=24) ( ).(2n=48) (2n=30) Leonurus lanatus 2n=48. Solanales : Solanaceae :. ( )..... Scopolia carniolica () - ( ). 1- Salvia officinalis 2- Salvia sclarea 3- Satureja hortensis 4- Hyssopus officinalis 5- Majoranna hortensis 6- Thymus vulgaris 7- Thymus serpyllum 8- Mentha piperita 9- Ocimum basilicum 10- Solanum dulcamara 11- Datura 12- Atropa 13- Hyoscyamus 14- Hyoscyamus niger

73 -.(2n=34 ) (2n=50, 72) (). (2n=48, 92). (2n=24) Scrophulariales : ( ) Scrophulariaceae :..... (2n=32 ) V. densiflorum Digitalis. (2n=112) (2n=56). Plantaginales : Plantaginaceae :. 1- Atropa belladonna 2- Solanum laciniatum 3- Datura innoxia 4- Verbascum 5- V. phlomoides 6- V. thapsus 7- D. purpurea 8- D. lanata

74 .. (). () ( ).. Malvidae Dilleniidae : Malvales : :() Tiliaceae :....( ) ().. Tilia... Malvales : Malvaceae :.. 1- Plantago laceolata 2- P. major 3- P. altissima 4- P. media 5- P. psyllium 6- Tilia 7- Tilia platyphyllus 8- T. cordata 9- T. tomentosa=argentea

75 -.(Columniferae)... (2n=42). (2n=42 ). Cucurbitales : -Cucurbitaceae : ( ). ( )... Capparales : ( ) Cruciferae (Brassicaceae): 1- Althaea officinalis 2- A. rosea 3- Malva sylvestris 4- M. Sylvestris subsp. Mauritiana Rama (Hibiscus sabdrariffa) 5- Cucurbita pepo convar. pepo provar. styriaca.

76 .....( ).() (2n=16). () ().(2n=24) -. Primulales : Primulaceae :.. ().. ().. Asterales : () Asteraceae (Compositae) : (Liguliflorae) (Tubuliflorae) 1- myrosin 2- Brassica nigra 3- Sinapis alba 4- Lepidium sativum 5- Primula veris 6- P. elatior 7- Cyclamen purpurascens 8- capitulum/pseudanthium

77 ( ) (2n=18).(2n=54) - ( ).(2n=18) (2n=18, 36) (2n=18) (2n=18) (2n=28, 32) (2n=22).(2n=34) Eucommiidae=Hamamelidae : Urticales : Cannabaceae : Anthemis nabilis 2- Achillea millefolium 3- Matricaria chamomilla=m. recutita 4- Pyrethrum (Chrysathemum cinerariaefolium) 5- Artemisia dracunculus 6- Artemisia absinthium 7- Calendula officinalis 8- Cnicus benedictus L. 9- Silybum marianum 10- acorn 11- hop (Humulus) 12- hemp (Cannabis) 13- Humulus lupulus

78 ( )... Monocotyledonopsida :II Alismatidae : Liliidae : Liliales : Liliaceae :.. ( )... ( ) :. () () Arecidae : Arales : Araceae : ). ( ) ( () 1- viviparia 2- Colchicum autumnale 3- Veratrum album 4- Convallaria majalis 5- Allium sativum 6- spadix

79 -. ). ( )..(. :.. : (. (.... ( ).. :... ().. 1- spathe 2- Acorus calamus 3- De Candolle

80 ... ( ) : -.().() : ().() :. : RAPAICS... ).( Zeven-Zhukovsky... :...

81 - () ). (Helleboraceae :..( ) ()..... ). ( ). ( ) (. () ( ) holarctic 2- flora element groups

82 : ). (..( ).( ). :..( ) () ( ) )...(a)..(b) 1- biomass

83 - : ( )... (). (). )..(. ).(..... :..

84

85 -.. ). (. :.. : (Datura godronii Atropa caucasica ) godronii. (). (). Rauwolfia canescens Stephania glabra.. (). (). :. 1- phytotron

86 ( )..( ) ( ). Reading Kompolti M -..II.I.. Kompolti M. Reading Reading ).(

87 - () ()...( ) (). ( ). (%) / / / / / / / / / / / / ( ) (%) / / / / / / / / () (% ) % :( ) ().. Datura tatula ).( () () }. Dioscorea deltoidea () () { () ()..

88 :.. ().( )... () () (). - (). (). % ( - ). -.

89 -.). ( ) (... :. ).( () (). () (). %/-/. ()..

90 (). (). : ). (... ).( ()..( )... ( ).( ).( ). 1- macroclimatic 2- mesoclimatic 3- phytomass

91 - -...( ) ( ). N 5 =400 N 4 =200 N 3 =100 N 2 =50 N 1 =0:. P 5 =560 P 4 =280 P 3 =140 P 2 =70 P 1 =0 : -.(a). ( )....(b) - - N 5 =400 N 4 =200 N 3 =100 N 2 =50 N 1 =0: :. P 5 =400 P 4 =200 P 3 =100 P 2 =25 P 1 =5 :

92 ... ph. ph /-/ ph /-/ ph... ( ) N 3 =350 N 2 =250 N 1 =150 N 0 =0 : P 3 =150 P 2 =100 P 1 =50 P 0 =0 :. K 3 =120 K 2 =80 K 1 =40 K 0 =0 : : () ().( ) ( - )

93 -. (B A ) Ocimum suave ()... ( ) :... (). () () ().

94 ).(.. ).(... ( ) () () ( ) ( ) 1- cercospore

95 - %-... () :

96 RIA ETA.

97 -. ). ( ().. ().

98 .() Schratz

99

100 .... ( ) () Budakalasz...() cryopreservation 2- Urginea indica 3- strain

101 -.. %/-/ ( ).(%/-/).().. (Thymus vulgaris) 1- Soproni

102 Snejinka. %- (%/-/) %/ % Leucojum aestivum 2- gene drift

103 -... Ocimum canum O. basilicum %/... ( ) ( )... ().. % Costus Dioscorea ( %/-/ ). % % Nepeta transcaucasica.. 1- Geranium 2- chimeric 3- Mentha 4- Lina

104 .... ). (... % %- 1- remote cross-breeding 2- Papaver pseudo-orientale 3- Datura stramonium 4- Capsicum annum

105 -. β α α.. ().. ( ) -.. () ( ) Maud Cosmos. Pannonia Yellow of Budakalasz. ( ) Mauritanic mallow

106 ( ).....

107 -. ( - ) Anethum graveolens Sari Artemisia balchanorum Olimp, Evrika Carthamus tinctorius Sidwill Chrysanthemum cineriaefolium Hypy Coriandrum sativum Yantar Cymbopogon jawarancusa-strains Dioscorea floribunda Arka Upkar Foeniculum vulgare Feniks Glaucium flavum Glautsin Poli Hippophae rhamnoides Zolotistaya Humulus lupulus Nugget Hyoscyamus niger-strains Lavandula angustifolia Irene Doyle Mentha arvensis-clone Mentha gentilis Hokuto Mentha piperita 29 Mentha spicata from K 65 Ocimum gratissimum Kelasuri Origanum vulgare chemotype 65/1 Papaver somniferum Sadovo 1235 Pelargonium roseum Aist 4 Salvia sclarea Trakiika Sanguisorba officinalis from 11 Satureja hortensis Rzhevo Konare Symphytum officinale cytotypes Valeriana officinalis Shipka Zingiber officinale Maram / /././-./ - -././ /-./-/

108 ).( ()

109 - :... : ) (...

110 . ( ).... ). (.... ).. (. /-/ MPa ( ).. /-/..

111 ( ).. 1- combinates

112 (... )... ).( ()... ( ).... :.....

113 : ). (... ).(

114 ( ) ( )... ( )

115 - :. ) (). (. CCC. ( ).... ).( ) 1- reglone

116 .( DDT-HCH ).. ( ) () ( PPM. ( )... ().. ( ) ( ).( ).. (HCH DDT)...

117 -... :.... ). (... ().. :. :

118 :.. : ( ) :. ( ).. ( )..... ).(.( )...

119 -. II I..... ( ) :. %-. ) (

120 ... ( ). ) ( ).(.... (). % :. ( ) } {( )...

121 - :... : / - /.... :...

122 :... ( ) % ( ). (-m 3 /h)...

123 - :... ( ) plate-chamber. :.( ).( ). ( )... / Dehidro 2- Shielde

124 . -. ( ) ). (/ J ( ) :.

125 -. ( ) - -.( -). /-..( ) ).(spray drying dielectric freezing fluidization. :... ( ) :. /-/ - : ). (.

126 :. ( ) (... ). (... ). ( ).. ( ).. ) (b ) (a ). (c..(c).(b).(a)..

127 - ( )... :. - о C. - о C - о C. ).. (... P =P v + P o. P o P v :P).( cold pressing

128 ). (.. : о C.. ( ).. о C

129 -.... ( )... : :.. ( ).

130 ( ) ( ) :.( ) C A D B C A D B ( - ). /-/ Mpa.. - о C ( ).... ().... ()

131 -. ( ) : - Kg/m 3 - Kg/m 3 (-cm) - Kg/m 3 - Kg/m 3 (-cm) - Kg/m 3 (-cm) - Kg/m 3....

132 .. -.( )....().( ) ()...( )

133 - () ( ) ( ) C C.. ( ) ( )...

134 . ) -.(... %/.. Seitz.. ( ) cohobation

135 -...

136 : :..( )..( ). :...( ) ( - ). 1- hydrodiffusion 2- Aroma process, 06 Mougins/France

137 - :.(). (- C).... absolute ) concrete (. absolute. ( - ). 1- concrete

138 ().. :.( )... ( - ). 1- Iron (C 13 H 20 O)

139 - ( - ). : CO 2 () : Co 2 concrete ( ) Co 2. ( ) Co 2.

140 = HE CO 2. ( - ) :. :.. ( )... ( )..

141 - :.... ( )

142 :.... ( ) - ( )..... ( )... ( ).. :. ) ( ). (..

143 :. ()..

144

145 Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul :() (). ( ) Dioscorides & Galen 2- Lonicer 3- Prater et al.

146 ... : ( - ). Clavicipitaceae. Claviceps ( )... () Kossuth 2- Secalis mater Thal 3- Sphacelia segetum Lev. 4- Cordyceps purpurea Fr. 5- Thulasne

147 () : :. :. :. () peritheca 2- sphacelium 3- conidia 4- sphacelia 5- indol-frame

148 ) %- ( ) (. ( ) () -. - ( ) ) ().( - C... - ( )... ()

149 (). :.... :.. (%- ). (- о C)

150 ... ( ).. : : :..

151 -.. ). (.. / ). -. ( : : ( ) ( ) ( ). 1- Goldhamster 2- bridged...

152 - T. (Colle ) T C ( ). T.( ) )..( T.. ( ) C 1- breeding saprofiton 2- lyophilization

153 ( )..IV.III.II.I.VII.VI.V (II I ) ) -.(V IV III big bellied

154 ( )..( ) PP-100-FA.. ( ) % Goldhamster. :. - ( ).

155 -.... (%-) ( %-).. - :.. %. %-... ( )

156 .(%- ) %-. - %... Ruta graveolens L. :.. )... (. ( ) :.( ) photoelectric separator

157 -.. /-/.. ( ) ( ) %/-/.(%-). ( ). /-/. (%) (%) %/ C..( )...

158 :.... : : -... P 2 O K 2 O - K 2 O - P 2 O 5 -. ( ) -.. :.. :..

159 /-. -/ :.. ( ) -.. PK.. :..

160 ).(.. -. ( ) /-. :.. ( ) Coriandrum sativum L. :. ()......

161 -. % : ()... sativum. -.( ) / (microcarpum vulgare ). 1- Coriandrum sativum L. 2- C. melphitense T. et Gun 3- var. vulgare Alet 4- var. microcarpum D.C.

162 ....( ) (%-) % %/-/..

163 -. (%-) (%-) (%-) (%-). C A % %- :. - (-) ( -) (-) ( -) ( -)..... : /-/ ( -). %/-/. /-/. %/-/ /-/ -. % /-/.( ) : Lucs 2- Csillag 3- Jantar

164 ( -). (- C). - C.. - C - C.. : : :.. K 2 O P 2 O 5 / /.. % K 2 O - P 2 O 5 - -

165 :... :..() ( ).

166 . - C -.( ). - -/ ) - ( -).(. -. :.. -. :. Xanthomonas heterocea Erwinia carotovora Ramularia coriandri.( ). TMDT.. :. 1- Puccinia petroselini 2- Systole coriandri

167 -.(%-) ( ). %. %-... % %. % - /-.. /- Anethum graveolens L. : ammest

168 : A. graveolens L.. Anethum A. involucratum Korov. A. chryseum Boiss. et Heldr......( ). -...( )..( ) -.. / A. sowa Roxb.

169 %/-/.. %- (%-) %-. %- % ) -. - C.(. -. -

170 ( ) : : : ( )....

171 -. / /. :.... ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / L.S.D. 5% :...( ).

172 . ( ).... /-. -..( - ) - : -. () /-/ ( ) Megacladosporium depressum.. :. 1- dodin-type

173 - -. ). ( C - -. ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / L.S.D. 5% ( )...

174 ( ). ( ) / - - / - / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / - / / / / / / / /

175 - -. /-/.. - Pimpinella anisum L. :().. anneson..... )..(. ( ).( ) :. Pimpinella Illicium verum Hook

176 () /-/ -.( )

177 - () ()... - % ) %/-.( %-. %- %-.. % /-/ %- - ( ). - ()

178 . - : () -..( %-) : :. P 2 O 5 / /. K 2 O %-... :.. -

179 - :. - C... - C -. - % :.. -/ () -/ (). -/. ( ). ).(

180 : /-/. Angelica archangelica L. :() fiorantibalsam

181 - ()..... :.( ) ( ) syn A. officinalis Hoff. 2- Carpathians

182 %/-. %/-/ %/-/... % ( )

183 - :.. - C. /-/ ph... ( -). ). ( -. : : - - ( -) K 2 O P 2 O : -...

184 : ( -). :. - - ( - )... - %/-/ Bi 58 EC () :.. () ( ) ( ) :..

185 (- C).. -. /-/ /-/ Levisticum officinale Koch :( ).. lygisticon (lybian) libiysticon 1- Columella

186 ) levare.. (... :.( ). -. /-/.. 1- Charlemagne

187 /... %/-/ %/ -/ %/-.. %/-/.(%)

188 :.. -/ ph /-/ - C... : : P 2 O K 2 O -... : ( ) ( ) ) -..( : /-.

189 ( ). :

190 /-/. Carum carvi L. :(). ()... ( ). Kummich Cumich.. Streptococcus aureus Streptococcus fecalis Escherichia coli... ). (.

191 - :.. Carum ( ) ) ) -.( (... %... -/..( ) -..

192 / -. -/. %- %-.. %- % (%-).(%-).. () () ( ).( ) - ) - ). ( (

193 :.. - C. - C. ). ( ( )... : :.

194 :... (). K 2 O P 2 O 5. K 2 O - P 2 O ( ) -. K 2 O - P 2 O 5 -

195 :.. : ()

196 ( ).. : ( ) Erysiphe umbelliferarum 2- Plasmopora nivea 3- Eryophyes pencendani f. carvi

197 -. ( ) :. ( ).. ( - ). ( ).( ).... /-.. -/ 1- Depressaria nervosa

198 Cuminum cyminum L. :..... () ). (..... ().. : Cuminum odorum Sahib..( ) chutney 2- Bunium persicum B. Fedtsch 3- Nigella sativa L.

199 /- -.. %/-. %.. :. -. /-/ ph - - C... : ( )

200 .. :. () :.( ) Erysiphe polygoni 2- Alternaria burnsii 3- Fusarium oxysporum F. cumini

201 -..( ) : /-.. Foeniculum vulgare Mill :..

202 . () () foeniculum.. ).. (. :....( ). / var. vulgare 2- var. dulce

203 ( ).. (%-/ ) %-.( %) (%/-/). %- %-... (%) subsp. piperitum subsp. capillaceum var. vulgare - - subsp. capillaceum var. dulce subsp. capillaceum var. panmorium - - subsp. capillaceum var. azoricum

204 /... ( ). /-/ -... :. - C. - C. ). (.(- C).. : : ( -).

205 K 2 O - P 2 O :. : -.( ) - -..( -) : )

206 -.(. -/ Cruciferae. () /- - -). ) ( -/) (.(. ( /-) ( ).. Lygus Ortops. : ( ) /-/ - /

207 - Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. :() ( ) Hodgkin s. () Wilms s Hodgkin s..(itc UNCTAD/GATT, 1982) 1- Nable and Beer 2- lymphosarcoma 3- choriocarcinoma 4- neuroblastoma carcinoma 5- rhabdosarcoma 6- reticulum cell sarcoma

208 : -... ( ) ( - ).( ) -.. ()... -/. 1- syn. Lochnera rosea Reichb. and Vinca rosea L.

209 -. : (). %/-/ %/-/ %/-/. %/- %/-/. (). ( ). ( ). -.. :. - C.. C. C. -.. : :.

210 . P 2 O K 2 O -... :... :..... C - - C - ).. ( - C. /-/

211 -. / ( ) : : % - C /-/. -/ ).. (

212 .... / /. Valeriana officinalis L. ( ).. Phu. ( ) valer....( ).. ().... :. Valeriana.

213 -.. () V. officinalis L.. V. collina V. procurrens V. exaltata ). V. officinalis ( (). V. jatamansi Jones.. ( ).( o C ). - -.( ) () 1- Heeger 2- var. latifolia Vahl. (var. altissima Koch. = var. major Neilz = var. exaltata Miq) 3- kesso 4- var. media Koch. 5- var. tenufolia Vahl. (var. minor Koch. = var. angustifolia Tausch) 6- V. wallichii DC. 7- Cypripedium calceolus L.

214 /-/ -. ). /-/.( %/-.. % () %/-... ) ( ) (. ( - ). %/- 1- pappus

215 %. -...( -)..... : ( ).. ( -). C...( )

216 :. ( ) -.. : () K 2 O - P 2 O 5 -. :.... :.. ()

217 -. ).( ). (.... : /-/.... -/ : -... ) -. %-.( -. - (). -

218 :.. /-/... /-/ () /-/... : ).(. ( ).( ).( ).. 1- Erysiphe polygoni DC. 2- Peronospora valerianae Trail.

219 -.... ( ). - C.( ).. /-. - Lavandula species : ).. ( 1- water jet 2- Plinius 3- L. stoechas 4- L. angustifolia 5- L. intermedia 6- L.latifolia

220 .. ( ) lavare... ()... () ()... % % %.(ITC UNCTAD/GATT 1988)

221 -... : Lavandula..( ) ). (. ( ).. () L. angustifolia Mill. = L. officinalis Chaix. = L. vera DC. 2- L. latifolia (L. f.) Medic. (L. spica L.) 3- spikinard 4- L. intermedia Emeric ap. Lois = L. burnati Brig 5- Lavandula-Artemision

222 / ( ) ( - -).( ). ) -..(. /-/. ). /-/.. (. ( ) %/-/.. %/-.

223 -. ( ) ) %-.. %- ( ( C ).... ( ). :

224 . %/. %/. %. %- % : :. / / /.( ). - P 2 O K 2 O

225 P 2 O K 2 O. : ()... / : )..( :.. -

226 ) - -.( ( ). - :. ( -) - ).. ( ( ).( ) ) 1- back cutting

227 -.( :..... / /.. / / /-/..

228 : ( ) ( ). + () ( ). (PK ) () :

229 - % ( ) -....() ).(. - C ( ) ( ) - -.

230 .. Melissa officinalis L. :( )......( ). :.. 1- lemongrass 2- citronella 3- lemon

231 ( )... -/. /-/.. ( ) %/-/ (%-)...

232 . -..( )... : ( )... : :

233 - K 2 O - P 2 O :.( ) ( ) /.. - ( ). -.

234 :.... /-/ /-. ( ).. %/-/ %/. ( ). : turnip flee beetle 2- Septoria melissae Desm.

235 - ( ).. - C Mentha piperita L. emend. Huds. :..... ( ) :. Mentha L...( )

236 ...( ). ()..... ( - ). - ( ). 1- M. aquatica L. 2- M. spicata L. (syn. M. viridis L.) 3- M. longifolia (L.) Huds. 4- M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds. 5- M. piperita var. officinalis Sole f. rubescens Camus 6- M. piperita var. officinalis Sole f. pallascens Camus 7- Mitcham

237 - ( ).( ) ( ). () %- %-/.( ) %-/.. ( ).

238 .( %-) )..( (%-). - ( ) :.. - C - C - C. C - C. - C. (). (- C) ( )...

239 -. (-). ().( ) - %..( )... :.. :.. ().( ) / / / / K 2 O - P 2 O 5

240 -. ( ) ) -. ( -... ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) / / / / / / / / / / - / / / / / - / / / / / - / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / L.S.D. 5%

241 - :.. () ( ). ( )... : ). (....( ) -. ). (M. smithiana Graham :. 1- peat sand

242 .. % %... %. -/ ( )

243 /-/ :.. -. : filling plough

244 / (). -. ( ) 1- Puccinia menthae Pers.

245 -.. ) ( ). ( :..( )

246 /-/.... /-/ : Mentha spicata var. crispa Bentls./Mausf. : %/-.. (%-)... (Mentha arvensis var. piperascens Malinvaud) : %-.

247 Mentha arvensis var. sachalinensis (Briq/Kudo) :... %/-/.. % ( ).. () Hyssopus officinalis L. :( ).. 1- mentholesepp (menthol drop) 2- Mentha pulegium L. 3- Pennyroyal

248 . ()..( ) ()..... :. () / subsp. Officinalis 2- subsp. Canescens

249 -.( ) -/..( ) -/. -/.. %/- :. %-.. %

250 :... ( ) : :.. K 2 O - P 2 O

251 - :.. :. ( ) : - ( ).. -/ -. /-. - /-/ Blackfly

252 :. ( ) /-/ Thymus vulgaris L. :() () thymos.....

253 - Elixirum thymi )..(Tinctura thymi.... ().. :. () ( ).. (). () ( ).... /-/ 1- Thyme honey 2- T. serpyllum L.

254 . %-/.. %- (%-)..... (%-) ( ).. :. ().

255 -.... : : -.. P 2 O 5 K 2 O :... :..

256 .. ().. ( ) () ( -) ( ) - / pearlite

257 ( ) -. ( ). - - // // - - // // - - // // // // // // // // // L.S.D. 5% // - - // // - - // // - - // // // // // // L.S.D. 5%

258 : /. (-). :...( ) ( ). ( ). ) ( ) ) ( ( -.. ( ).

259 - / / / / / / ( ). / / / / / / / - ( ) - / / / / / / / / / / / ( ).. ( + ). ( + ). ( + ). ( + + ) L.S.D. 5% ( ). ( ) / / / / / / / / / / /

260 . (- C ) -. /-/. : Thymus zygis L. :.. %- Thymus citriodorus :.. :Thymus capitatus. Salvia sclarea L. : oregano 2- muscatel sage

261 - Sclarea clear eye.. :. () : ( ).. ( -)..( -) -/ - ( ) ( ) piramidalis (Petagna) 2- hirsuta 3- pseudoverticil

262 ..... %/-/. %-.( ).( ) % ()

263 -.... :.. %/-/. - C.. - C ).. ( : : / (). K 2 O / P 2 O 5 / ( ).

264 - - K 2 O - P 2 O 5. () :.( ).. : ( ) )

265 -.(. :. -/. /- -. ( -/).. /-/. /- : : ) : :. (:.

266 ...( ) - -. Salvia officinalis L. :().. ).(.... ( ). salvare Salvia.. : -..

267 -.. ().( ) /-/. %-/. (%) (%) (%) (%-) % C.. :. 1- Dalmatia 2- subsp. Lavandulifolia 3- Dalmatian sage 4- subsp. Major

268 . - C -... : :... - P 2 O K 2 O -. :. ( - )

269 - - /-. - ( ).. - :. -. /-/.. PK : /-.. :. -

270 Majorana hortensis Monch :.. ( ).... ( ). 1- Apicius

271 :.. -..( )..( ) /-/. %/-/. --

272 % ( -)... :. - C C. C.. % ()... -.

273 - : :... : ). ( ( ). ). ( -. / / / -..( ) MgO - CaO - (). K 2 O P 2 O 5 - : - - :. K 2 O - P 2 O 5. P 2 O :..

274 - :.. : ). (%/-/ :.. -.

275 (). ( ).... ( ). - : ).( Alternaria sp

276 .. ( ) - )..(- C..... / %/ ) /...(. /-/ Satureja hortensis L.:.. ().. satureja. satyr () 1- Virgil

277 (). ( ).( ). : S. montana

278 /-/... %-. %- % ( ) ( ) :. ( ).. : :...

279 - -) (K 2 O - P 2 O :. :. - C.... /-/ :

280 () -. (% ) -. : / Ocimum basilicum L. : :. Ocimum.

281 - (). ().. : ) ( ) ) (.(. -.. ().( ) () /-/.. %/-/. (%). -) C ( /-/) B 1. ( /-/) ( O. basilicum 2- O. gratissimum 3- Moschini 4- bullatum

282 .... :. - C... : :... :.

283 /-/ ( ) :. ( ) :.. )..(. - -

284 ... /-/ Hyoscyamus niger L. :( - ) :. Hyoscyamus henblain, Jusquaime 2- Stork 3- Danos 4- H. niger L. 5- H. agrestis Kit. (syn. H. niger var. agrestis K. = var. annuus Sims)

285 /-/. %/-/ %/-/.. %/-/ %/.. ( ). %-...

286 )..( - C ( ). ( ). -.. / :... : : K 2 O - P 2 O

287 - :... :. ( ).. -. ( ). -. -/ : -.. /-...

288 .. : (- C ) /- /-..( - ) 1- Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say

289 - Digitalis lanata Ehrh. :.... ( ). : ( ) -. -.( ) /-/ ( ) 1- wooly foxglove 2- D. purpurea

290 .. %/

291 - : C.. - C.. C... : :. -. K 2 O - P 2 O :.( ).

292 ... :.. ( ). ( / ) :.( ) -. ( -). (%/ )... () - ( ). -.

293 (mm) : C. C. C - 1- Septoria digitalis

294 . %.. /-/ Digitalis purpurea L. :. ( ). ).. (.( - ). - -/...( ).. /-/..... ( ) ( ) /-/

295 - Sinapis alba L., Brassica species : ( ). ).( : Brassica Sinapis.. - : Sinapis alba L. ()...( ).. 1- Diocletian 2- Table mustard paste

296 /. - : Brassica juncea (Cosson) Czern.. - ()...( ) /-/. - (var.lutea ). /-/ :Brassica nigra L. ( ).( ).. /-/

297 -....

298 . - - C. -.( - ) :.... (/ ph ) carpogenesis

299 - :.. :... /.. K 2 O P 2 O 5 -. %. :... :. 1- Brassica napus 2- Phyllotreta sp.

300 ( -) -.( -) - : ). ( /-/. () ().. :. 1- Meligethes aeneus 2- pseudo-caterpillar of the turnipsaw-fly (Athalia rosae) 3- Brevicoryne brassicae

301 -.( )... ). %- (. %-. %-. % /-/.. /-/ () Carthamus tinctorius L. :()..... (). 1- mildew 2- Crocus sativus L.

302 ..... : (). ) (). ( ( ) -. ( ). (C 24 H 30 O 15 ) %-. (C 21 H 22 O 11 )..(%/-/). %- %-.. - ( )...( -)

303 - ( ).. -. : - C.. C. - C..... : :. -. K 2 O - P 2 O 5 -. :..

304 : : :. ( ). ( /- )..

305 -.. - C /-/..

306 Cnicus benedictus L. :( )..... ()... :.( ) /-. 1- St. Benedict thistle

307 -.. - ) chniscin ( ). (.. %/. %/ %/ % :... : :. - - K 2 O - P 2 O 5 ( ).. -

308 :. : : -.. /-.. (). :.. ( ).

309 /-/.( -) Calendula officinalis L. :( ) :..( ) -...

310 (%/) (%) ()

311 - :... - C.. : : -. K 2 O - P 2 O 5 -. :. :

312 : : C -.. -

313 - Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. :.. ( ).. ( ).. : / ( ) -.

314 . %-. ( ) %-. (%-) (%-) :.... : : -. K 2 O - P 2 O 5 -.

315 - :.. :. ( ). -. ( ) -) (. :..... :..

316 / -/. :() Chamomilla recutita L., Matricaria recutita L., M. chamomilla L., Rauschert. ( ) ( ) Poliny & Dioscorides 2- chamaemelon

317 -. ()..... () : ( ).. -/.( ) /-/ 1- mayweed (Anthemis)

318 ... () ().. (%/-) (%/-/).. C ( ).. ( ). ( ) var. salina

319 -. () ( - ) ( ).( ) -. ( ).( )..... : %- (%/-/).. %. 1- Budakalaszi 2 2- Soroksari 40

320 %- %/-/. %- : )..(... ()... ).(..

321 - :( ).. ( ).. - (). -. ) ( )..(. :. K 2 O (). P 2 O P 2 O 5. ( ).. P 2 O

322 ( ). ( ) + / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ( ) K 2 O - P 2 O ( ).( ) ( ) -...

323 - : : ). (.( ) ) -/.( %- % Cambridge roller

324 ( ). ( ) ( ) : ). - (. ( ) ,4-DP.. :.. 1- Bromus tectorum

325 ( ) Ebert & Schubert

326 ... () - ( ).... ( ). - / Artemisia dracunculus L. :. 1- Schilde driers

327 :. Artemisia ( ) (). ().. A. dracunculoides Pursh.. ()..( ) mugwort 2- A. dracunculus L. 3- A. dracunculus L. var. redowskyi Turcs

328 /-/ ().(%/-/) %

329 - ) ( ).. (. - : ( ).. : :. -. K 2 O - P 2 O 5 -

330 :... : ( ).... () turion

331 / /.. - :... + ( ) ()

332 -/ -/... ().. -. () :. ( ) ).. (- C / / 1- Puccinia dracunculina Fahr. 2- Diplodina dracunculi Vor.

333 - :( ) Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) cinerariaefolium (Trev./Vis).. (DDT HCH) ( ). 1- Dalmatian pyrethrum

334 : ( ). -. / /. -/.

335 -.. %/-/ %/ (%/-/). %/ %/-/. ( ) ( ) %-. %- ( ) /-.... :.....

336 % : : K 2 O - P 2 O :...

337 - : / /-. -/ -. ( -) :

338 : (- C )...( ) %-. /-/. /-/... Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (syn. Anthemis nobilis L.) :..

339 :.. (var. flora plena = var. legulosa) ( )

340 (%/ ) %/-. %/-/.. :

341 - :. - : P 2 O :... ( -) ( ). :

342 :..... /-). (.. :... - C -.

343

344

345 .. Atropa belladonna L. :()....( ) : ( )..( ) Atropos

346 .....( ) /-. /-/ :. %/-/ () -. %/-/ %/-/ (). ()...( )

347 - : ()... ( %-)....( ) : : )..(

348 . - C. :. : C -... /-.... /-/.. /

349 -. (). Frangula alnus Mill. Syn. Rhamnus frangula L. :() (-) ( ) : B A ) % B A

350 . ( ( ) %/-/ %/-/.( ) :. ). ( ) ().( - C..... : ) :. (..

351 -.. : Elettaria cardamomum Maton :..( )... -/ Zingiberaceae

352 / /-.( ). :... %/-. (%-) (%-) -. : var. major Thwaites 2- var. cardamamum (syn. var. minor Watt)

353 -....( ) : ( %) C ( ). - -.

354 .( ) / / / / (CPCRI, 1977) K 2 O P 2 O

355 ().( )... Nepta cataria L. :() -.. cataria... /-/.

356 . /-/..( ) :. (%-).. (). :.... ( ) ( ) ().( ).. 1- var. citriodora Becker

357 - : - C. /-/ ph / /- Cinnamomum species :()..( ) : Lauraceae Cinnamomum Schaeffer. -.( )

358 Cinnamomum verum Presl. (syn. C. zeylanicum Bl.).. - ( - ).. -/ (a ).. ( ). Cinnamomum cassia Presl.. 1- Foetid. :Seychelles -

359 -.. / -.. /....( b). : %.( ) ( ). (%/-/) (%-). ( -).. (%-)

360 %-/..(%/-/) ( ). (%-) :....( )...(ITC/UNCTAD).. 1- stick cinamom 2- cassia buds

361 -...( ) : C (%) ). -.(

362 () - () /. -. (). -. ( /-/ )

363 - Juniperus communis L. :( ) ( ) ().. : (% ) %/-/..... % ( ) % C.. :. 1- blue pruinose

364 ..( ) : : : 1- tar

365 - :. ) - - -/ (... ( ). Rosa canina L. :. ( )

366 .. -.( ) :. C %/-/ () ( ) C. C ( ). %-. :..... C. :. -

367 -.... ( ) C.. C C C.. - C. C. C. C. :.... :.

368 ... ( ) PK. PK.. - Sambucus nigra L. :() ( ).. -.

369 - ( ).. : ( ) %/-/ C. (A-C). /...( ) : : drupelet

370 ... - C.. ( ) :... ().. - :. -. /-/..

371 -.. -/ /-... Trigonella foenum-graecum L. : ( ) -. /-. -.

372 .. : ( ). %. %/-/ () (%).( ) ( ) (%). ( %/ ) :.. ( )....( ). 1- chutneys 2- curry powder

373 - - : - C Zingiber officinale Rosc. :.. ( ).. - ()..( )

374 ( ).... : %- ( ). (... ) (... ) (... ) (... ) (... )

375 -..( ) : ).. ( : Kerala

376 / () )..(.. /-.. %. Panax species :.. shen seng.( ) 1- Panax ginseng (syn. P. schinseng or Aralia ginseng) 2- P. quinquefolium L. 3- Eleutherococus senticosus M. (syn. Acanthopanax senticosus Harms.)

377 - : Araliaceae Panax. -...( ) /.. 1- Quebec 2- Manitoba

378 . : ) ). ( ( ) ( B (ITC UNCTAD/GATT, 1982) : panacea panax.. ginseng..

379 ( ). ( ) :.. - C.. -. % ()

380 (%/ /).. % ( ) (). ). ( C (). /-/..

381 - Crataegus oxyacantha :. ( ) ( )... -.( ) /-/ :. %/-/.. %/ ( ). C. C :. ) ( ) ().(

382 ( )... : :. :... Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. :().... /-/.

383 ( ) -. :. :.... :.... ( ).( ).

384 - - -/ ( ) C. - Marrubium vulgare L. :( ).... ( )...( ). 1- sine calycibus 2- cum calycibus

385 -.. /-. :... (hoarhound ) hoar. :... ()...( ) : -.. /-/ ph -..

386 . -/ Glycyrrhiza glabra L. :. ( ). 1- G. glabra var. typica Regel et Herd. 2- G. glabra var. glandulifera Wald et Kit. 3- G. glabra var. beta violaceae 4- G. uralensis Fisch.

387 -.. () ()... - ( ).( ) :. ( ). %/-/.. % %/-/ %/ ( ) (%-) (%/-/) (% ). :.

388 . (). ( )....( ) ( )... ( )... :. -. /-/ ph - 1- Addison, s disease 2- cascara

389 Tilia species :() Tilia..

390 .....( ) ( ) Tilia cordata Mill. = T. parvifolia Ehrh. 2- Tilia platyphylos Scop. = T. grandifolia Ehrh. 3- Tilia argentea Desf. = T. tomentosa Moench.

391 : ---- %/-/ :.. ()... :..... :.

392 . (). Althaea officinalis L. : ( ) : %-. %-

393 - : ). (... : ).( ).. - (.. - C tracheal catarrh

394 . - /.. - C. - : / / -... /- /-

395 - ). -. ( Verbascum phlomoides L. :() ( )....( ) / /-/.

396 : ) %- %. ( ) ( :. ()... :. ( ) C...

397 - :.... ( ). ).( -.( ) Origanum species :( ) ). ( ) ( O. heracleoticum L. ( ). O. creticum L. 1- Origanum 2- Origanum vulgare L.

398 /-/. :. %/-/. %/-/.. :....( ) :..

399 ( - ). /-/. Plantago species : P. major L... P. lanceolata L. (). P. psyllium L. ()..( ) -... /-/... -.( ) 1- P. ovata Forsk (Isabgol) 2- Spanish psyllium

400 ... -/. - / /-/. - ()... /-/ :. %... :.

401 ().. : /-...

402 ..... Rosmarinus officinalis L. :().. /..( ).. :. %/-.(%- ).( )

403 - : ( ) : - C.. /-/ ph -.. ).. - (

404 -.. -/.. ( ) /-. Artemisia absinthium L. :() /..( )

405 /-/. / : %/-/.... (... ) :...( )..

406 :... ( ). :... :. -.. ( ) ( - ). -/.. -

407 -.. Achillea millefolium L. : ( )..( ) /

408 : %/-/ ) %-. %/-/. (..... :.....( ).. :.. ( -).....

409 - :. ( -) ( ) ()

410

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